Construction

Hammer – china CPR-1000 Current Probe Reader – china CRS-TESTER

History An early stone hammer The use of simple tools dates to about 2,400,000 BCE when various shaped stones were used to strike wood, bone, or other stones to break them apart and shape them.

Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used as hammers by about 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. Its archeological record means it is perhaps the oldest human tool known. Designs and variations The essential part of a hammer is the head, a compact solid mass that is able to deliver the blow to the intended target without itself deforming.

The opposite side may have a ball, as in the ball-peen hammer and the cow hammer. Some upholstery hammers have a magnetized appendage, to pick up tacks. In the hatchet the hammer head is secondary to the cutting edge of the tool. As the impact between steel hammer heads and the objects being hit can, and does, create sparks, which in some industries such as underground coal mining with methane gas, or in other hazardous environments containing flammable gases and vapours, can be dangerous and risk igniting the gases. In these environments, a variety of non-sparking metal tools are used, being principally, aluminium or beryllium copper-headed hammers. In recent years the handles have been made of durable plastic or rubber. The hammer varies at the top; some are larger than others giving a larger surface area to hit different sized nails and such. Popular hand-powered variations include: carpenter’s hammers (used for nailing), such as the framing hammer and the claw hammer upholstery hammer construction hammers, including the sledgehammer drilling hammer – a lightweight, short handled sledgehammer Ball-peen hammer, or mechanic’s hammer Soft-faced hammer cross-peen hammer, or Warrington hammer mallets, including the rubber hammer and dead blow hammer. Splitting maul stonemason’s hammer Geologist’s hammer or rock pick lump hammer, or club hammer gavel, used by judges and presiding authorities in general Tinner’s Hammer Claw hammer Framing hammer Geologist’s hammer Upholstery hammer Cross-peen hammer Ball-peen hammer Rubber mallet Wooden mallet Sledgehammer Stone tapping hammer Perforated hammer head of stone Long cross-face hammer (blacksmithing) Twist hammer (blacksmithing) Dog-head hammer (blacksmithing) Ball pane hammer Straight pane sledgehammer Bush hammer Mechanically-powered hammer Mechanically-powered hammers often look quite different from the hand tools, but nevertheless most of them work on the same principle. They include: jackhammer steam hammer trip hammer Hammer Drill, that combines a jackhammer-like mechanism with a drill In professional framing carpentry, the hammer has almost been completely replaced by the nail gun. In professional upholstery, its chief competitor is the staple gun. Tools used in conjunction with hammers Woodsplitting wedge – hit with a sledgehammer for splitting wood. Woodsplitting maul – can be hit with a sledgehammer for splitting wood. Masonry star drill Chisel Punch Anvil The physics of hammering Hammer as a force amplifier A hammer is basically a force amplifier that works by converting mechanical work into kinetic energy and back. In the swing that precedes each blow, a certain amount of kinetic energy gets stored in the hammer’s head, equal to the length D of the swing times the force f produced by the muscles of the arm and by gravity. When the hammer strikes, the head gets stopped by an opposite force coming from the target; which is equal and opposite to the force applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and heavy object, or if it is resting on some sort of anvil, the head can travel only a very short distance d before stopping. Since the stopping force F times that distance must be equal to the head’s kinetic energy, it follows that F will be much greater than the original driving force f roughly, by a factor D/d.

In this way, great strength is not needed to produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or crack the hardest stone. Effect of the head’s mass The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the head’s speed at the time of impact (). While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass, it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle, below). High tech titanium heads are lighter and allow for longer handles, thus increasing velocity and delivering more energy with less arm fatigue than that of a steel head hammer of the same weight. As hammers must be used in many circumstances, where the position of the person using them cannot be taken for granted, trade-offs are made for the sake of practicality. In areas where one has plenty of room, a long handle with a heavy head (like a sledge hammer) can deliver the maximum amount of energy to the target. It is not practical to use such a large hammer for all tasks, however, and thus the overall design has been modified repeatedly to achieve the optimum utility in a wide variety of situations. Effect of the handle The handle of the hammer helps in several ways. It keeps the user’s hands away from the point of impact. It provides a broad area that is better-suited for gripping by the hand. Most importantly, it allows the user to maximize the speed of the head on each blow.

The primary constraint on additional handle length is the lack of space in which to swing the hammer. This is why sledge hammers, largely used in open spaces, can have handles that are much longer than a standard carpenter’s hammer. The second most important constraint is more subtle. Even without considering the effects of fatigue, the longer the handle, the harder it is to guide the head of the hammer to its target at full speed. Most designs are a compromise between practicality and energy efficiency. Too long a handle: the hammer is inefficient because it delivers force to the wrong place, off-target. Too short a handle: the hammer is inefficient because it doesn’t deliver enough force, requiring more blows to complete a given task. Recently, modifications have also been made with respect to the effect of the hammer on the user.

A titanium head has about 3% recoil and can result in greater efficiency and less fatigue when compared to a steel head with about 27% recoil. Handles made of shock-absorbing materials or varying angles attempt to make it easier for the user to continue to wield this age-old device, even as nail guns and other powered drivers encroach on its traditional field of use. War hammers Main article: War hammer The concept of putting a handle on a weight to make it more convenient to use may well have led to the very first weapons ever invented.[citation needed] The club is basically a variant of a hammer. In the Middle Ages, the war hammer became popular when edged weapons could no longer easily penetrate some forms of armour.[citation needed] Symbolic hammers The hammer, being one of the most used tools by Homo sapiens, has been used very much in symbols and arms. In the Middle Ages it was used often in blacksmith guild logos, as well as in many family symbols. The most recognised symbol with a hammer in it is the Hammer and Sickle, which was the symbol of the former Soviet Union and is very interlinked with Communism/Socialism. The hammer in this symbol represents the industrial working class (and the sickle the agricultural working class). The hammer is used in some coat of arms in (former) socialist countries like East Germany.

In Norse Mythology, Thor, the god of thunder and lightning, wields a hammer named Mjolnir. Many artifacts of decorative hammers have been found, leading modern practitioners of this religion to often wear reproductions as a sign of their faith. References ^ Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domnguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177. ^ 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia S. Semaw*, P. Renne, J. W. K. Harris*, C. S. Feibel*, R. L. Bernor, N. Fesseha & K. Mowbray* Nature 385, 333-336 (23 January 1997) | doi:10.1038/385333a0; Accepted 25 November 1996 External links Look up hammer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hammer types images and descriptions. The Hammer Museum v  d  e Types of tools Cutting tools Blade  Bolt cutter  Broach  Ceramic tile cutter  Chisel  Coping saw  Countersink  Diamond blade  Diamond tool  Drill bit  Endmill  File  Fretsaw  Froe  Glass cutter  Grater  Hacksaw  Hand saw  Knife  Milling cutter  Miter saw  Pipecutter  Plane  Razor  Reamer  Saw  Scalpel  Scissors  Slasher  Surform  Switchblade  Tap and die  Tool bit  Utility knife  Water jet cutter  Wire cutter  Wire stripper Garden tools Adze  Axe  Billhook  Bow saw  Cultivator  Earth auger  Edger  Garden fork  Garden hose  Garden trowel  Hedge trimmer  Hoe  Hori hori  Irrigation sprinkler  Lawn aerator  Lawn mower  Lawn sweeper  Leaf blower  Loppers  Machete  Mattock  Pickaxe  Pitchfork  Plough (plow)  Post hole digger  Pruning shears (secateurs)  Rake  Roller  Rotary tiller  Scythe  Sickle  Spade  Splitting maul  String trimmer Hand tools Block plane  BNC inserter/remover  Brace  Bradawl  Breaker bar  Broom  Brush  Card scraper  Caulking gun  Clamp  Crimping pliers  Crowbar  Fish tape  Hammer  Hawk  Hex key  Locking pliers  Mallet  Miter box  Nut Driver  Pipe Wrench  Pliers  Punch  Punch down tool  Putty knife  Ratchet  Scratch awl  Screwdriver  Sledgehammer   Sponge  Squeegee  Staple gun  Stitching awl  Torque wrench  Trowel  Upholstery hammer  Wrench (spanner) Machine tools Broaching machine  Drill press  Gear shaper  Grinding machine  Hobbing machine  Jig borer  Lathe  Metalworking lathe  Milling machine  Planer  Screw machine  Shaper  Turret lathe Power tools Angle grinder  Band saw  Belt Sander  Blow torch  Chainsaw  Chop saw  Circular saw  Concrete saw  Crusher  Cutting torch  Die grinder  Drill  Glue gun  Grinding machine  Heat gun  Impact Wrench  Jigsaw  Jointer  Nail gun  Radial arm saw  Random orbital sander  Reciprocating saw  Rotary tool  Router table  Sander  Scroll saw  Soldering gun  Soldering iron  Steam box  Table saw  Thickness planer  Welding  Wood router  Wood shaper Measuring & Alignment tools Caliper  Jig  Micrometer  Pencil  Plumb-bob  Ruler  Sliding T bevel  Spirit level  Square  Tape measure Other Antique tools  Halligan bar  Kelly tool  Ladder  Thau claw  Toolbox  Vise  Workbench v  d  e Metalworking   Tools Cutting machines Water jet cutter  Band saw  Cold saw  Laser  Miter saw  Plasma Cutting tools Broach  Burr  Chisel  Counterbore  Countersink  End mill  File  Guillotine shear  Hand scraper  Milling cutter  Nibbler  Reamer  Throatless shear  Tipped tool  Tool bit Forming tools Brake  Die  English Wheel  Flypress  Hydraulic press  Machine press  Punch press  Stamping press Hand tools Clamp  Combination square  Drift pin  File card  Hacksaw  Hammer  Hand scraper  Machinist square  Magnetic base  Needlegun scaler  Pipe and Tube Bender  Pliers  Punch  Saw piercing  Scriber  Tap and die  Tongs  Vise  Workbench  Wrench Machine tooling Angle plate  Chuck  Collet  Jig  Fixture  Indexing head  Lathe center  Machine taper  Magnetic base  Mandrel  Rotary table  Wiggler Measuring instruments Bore gauge  Caliper  Comparator  Dial indicator  Engineer’s blue  Feeler  Center gauge and fishtail gauge  Gauge block  Gauge  Go-NoGo  Machinist square  Marking blue  Marking gauge  Marking out  Micrometer  Radius gauge  Scale  Sine bar  Spirit level  Straightedge  Surface plate  Tape measure  Thread pitch  Height gauge  Vernier scale  Wiggler Smithing tools Anvil  Forge  Fuller  Hardy hole  Hardy tools  Pritchel  Slack tub  Steam hammer  Swage block  Trip hammer Casting  Fabrication  Forming  Jewellery  Machining  Metallurgy  Smithing  Tools & Terminology  Welding Categories: Hammers | Blunt weapons | Mechanical hand tools | Metalworking hand tools | Woodworking hand tools | Hand toolsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2009 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008

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Mayhew 6 pc. Overmolded Punch and Chisel Set, pt. 2.mp4

Titan 17106 6-Piece Chisel and Punch Set $15.99 The Titan 17106 is a 6-Piece Chisel and Punch Set. Features: Heat-treated high carbon steel Cushion grip handles Included 5 pin punches and 1 cold chisel Packed in handy storage tray What's In the Box: Titan 17106 6-Piece Chisel and Punch Set Storage Tray

Performance W751 12-Piece Chisel and Punch Set $24.99 The Performance W751 12-Piece Chisel and Punch Set is a professional quality set, specially constructed of alloy steel with vinyl-covered shanks for durabilty and efficient use. Features: Hardened, tempered and polished alloy steel Vinyl-covered shank absorbs shock and reduces vibration Includes cold and concrete chisels Includes taper, pin, center and cape punches What's In The Box: 12-inch x 6-inch Cold Chisel 5/8-inch x 7-inch Cold Chisel 3/4-inch x 7-1/2-inch Cold Chisel 7/8-inch x 8-inch Cold Chisel 3/16-inch x 6-inch Taper Punch 1/4-inch x 6-inch Taper Punch 3/16-inch x 10-inch Taper Punch 5/32-inch x 6-inch Pin Punch 1/4-inch x 6-inch Pin Punch 3/8-inch x 6-inch Center Punch 3/16-inch x 6-inch Center Punch 1/2-inch x 6-inch Concrete Chisel

Performance W753 4-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $8.99 The Performance W753 4-piece Punch and Chisel Set Is specially constructed for strength and to minimize shock and vibration. Features: Constructed of hardened, tempered and polished alloy steel Vinyl-covered shank absorbs shock and reduces vibration Contains 1 chisel and 3 punches: Pin, Long Taper and Center What's In The Box: 3/8-inch x 7-inch Cold Chisel 1/8-inch x 3/8-inch x 6-inch Pin Punch 5/32-inch x 8-inch Long Taper Punch 1/4-inch x 4-1/2-inch Center Punch

Mayhew 76005 6-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $26.99 Features and Benefits: Economy finish Black oxide coating for corrosion resistance A 6 piece chisel set Made in the USAThese chisel are pencil shaped with a sharp blade screwdriver end.  When you hit the blunt end with a hammer, it forces the blade end into metal to mark it or even cut through it. It’s ideal for cutting, shaping and removing metal softer than the cutting edge of the chisel. These come 3 to a box.  Made with the quality and durability to last! This set includes the following cutting widths: Pin punch: 1/8″, 3/16″; Center  punch: 3/16″; Solid punch: 3/16″; Cold chisel: 1/2″, 5/8″.

Mayhew 61044 14-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $79.99 Features and Benefits: Center punches are used for piercing or marking metal and other materials for staring drills Cold chisels are used for cutting, Shaping and removing metal softer than the cutting edge of the chisel Pin points are used for driving out and removing already loosened pins and keys after initial movement by a solid punch Line-up punches are used for aligning holes in metal pieces through which rivets or bolts are inserted Made in the USAThis 14 piece punch and chisel set includes the following: Cold chisel cutting widths: 1/4″, 3/8″, 1/2″, 5/8″, 3/4″. Center punch stock size: 3/8″. Starter punch point sizes: 1/8″, 3/16″. Pin punch sizes: 3/32″, 1/8″, 5/32″, 3/16″, 1/4″. Line-up punch point size: 1/8″. These are all made of S2 stainless steel. All packaged in a handy storage case.

Mayhew 61019 19-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $96.99 Features and Benefits: Solid punches are used for loosening frozen or tight pins and keys or knocking out rivets Cold chisels are used for cutting, Shaping and removing metal softer than the cutting edge of the chisel Pin points are used for driving out and removing already loosened pins and keys after initial movement by a solid punch Made of S2 stainless steel Made in the USAThis 19 piece punch and chisel set include the following: Center punch: 5/32", 3/16". Pin punch: 3/32", 1/8", 5/32", 3/16", 1/4", 5/16". Solid  punch: 3/32", 1/8", 5/32", 3/16", 1/4", 5/16". Cold chisel: 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", and 3/4". All packaged in a handy storage case.

Mayhew 61005 6-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $34.99 Features and Benefits: Solid punches are used for loosening frozen or tight pins and keys or knocking out rivets Cold chisels are used for cutting, Shaping and removing metal softer than the cutting edge of the chisel Pin points are used for driving out and removing already loosened pins and keys after initial movement by a solid punch Made of S2 stainless steel Made in the USAThis 6 piece chisel set includes the following: Cold chisel cutting widths: 1/2", 5/8". Center punch stock size: 3/8". Pin punch point sizes: 3/16", 1/8". Solid punch point size: 3/16". All included in a handy storage case.

Mayhew 15070 14-Piece Punch and Chisel Set $170.99 Features and Benefits: Full shank heat treated Parabolic head to reduce mushrooming and chipping Black oxide finish for enhanced corrosion resistance Made of high grade S-2 tool steel for superior tensile strength, toughness, and long life Full lifetime guarantee The 150 Line ™ of punches and chisels from Mayhew Steel Products was created to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the oldest and most-respected punch and chisel manufacturer. What was created were simply the worlds finest punches and chisels. Using the best materials available, and the most time-tested and effective manufacturing processes, Mayhew created truly the best tools money can buy. Now, the line has been taken one step further. A line of pouches has been made of the finest top-grain leather for a soft, luxurious feel and a full analine dye for maximum wear-resistance. The Mayhew logo has been branded into the leather grain with a deep, ingrained imprint for a striking effect. The set details have been etched into the grain with exquisite silver lettering. This is truly a remarkable addition for the owner of an exceptional tool collection. The set includes the following: 3/32″ Center punch, 3/16″ Center punch, 1/8″ Solid punch, 3/16″ Solid punch, 3/32″ Pin punch, 1/8″ Pin punch, 5/32″ Pin punch, 3/16″ Pin punch, 1/4″ Pin punch, 1/4″ Cold chisel, 3/8″ Cold chisel, 1/2″ Cold chisel, 5/8″ Cold chisel, 3/4″ Cold chisel.

Performance W750 7-Piece Chisel and Punch Set $10.99 The Performance W750 7-Piece Chisel and Punch Set offers an assortment of popular sizes for a variety of jobs. Features: Heat-treated carbon steel Popular range of sizes Includes 3 cold chisels and 4 punches: taper, pin and center What's In The Box: Three Cold Chisels Two Taper Punches Pin Punch Center Punch

Mayhew 85005 6-Piece Handguarded Punch and Chisel Set $74.99 Features and Benefits: Made from the finest quality S-2 steel Parabolic head to prevent breaking or chipping Two composite overmolded handle for a secure grip and protection Lifetime warranty 100% Made in USA Handguarded handle offers protection from a slipped blow with a hammer. Pieces include: 5/8″ cold chisel, 1/2″ center punch, 1/8″ solid punch, 1/4″, 3/16″ and 1/8″ pin punch.  

OTC 4605 Interchangeable Punch and Chisel Set $69.99 Features and Benefits: Safety protective handle allows easy grip and protects hand from being hit by hammer Double locking ball detent holds punch or chisel securely in the driver handle Set includes:5 flat chisels: 1/2-inch, 5/8-inch, 3/4-inch, 7/8-inch, and 1-inch wide blades; 1 cape chisel: 1/4-inch wide blade; 2 taper punches: 1/8-inch and 1/4-inch diameter; 2 pin punches: 3/16-inch and 1/4-inch diameter; 2 center punches: 1/8-inch and 3/16-inch diameter.  

Astro Pneumatic 1600 Punch and Chisel Set – 16-Piece $24.99 Features and Benefits: Chrome vanadium steel Heat treated Punches: (5) Taper punches, (5) Pin punches, (2) Center punches Chisels:(3) Clod chisels, (1) Chisel gauge and (1) Plastic storage tray This 16 piece punch and chisel set includes the following sizes: Taper Punch: 3/32-inch x 5-1/4-inch, 1/8-inch x 5-3/4-inch, 5/32-inch x 6-inch, 3/16-inch x 6-1/4-inch, 1/4-inch x 6-3/4-inch; Cold Chisels: 3/8-inch x 5-1/2-inch, 1/2-inch x 6-inch, 5/8-inch x 6-1/2-inch; Pin Punch: 3/32-inch x 4-1/4-inch, 1/8-inch x 4-3/4-inch, 5/32-inch x 5-inch, 3/16-inch x 5-1/4-inch, 1/4-inch x 5-3/4-inch; Center Punch: 1/8-inch x 5-inch, 3/16-inch x 6-inch .

Astro Pneumatic 9310 Soft Grip Punch and Chisel Set – 6-Piece $21.99 Features and Benefits: Ergonomic soft rubber grip provides comfort and safety Set includes: 1 pc. cold chisel (1/2-inch x 6-1/2-inch) 1 pc. cold chisel (5/8-inch x 7-inch) 1 pc. center punch (3/16-inch x 7-1/4-inch) 1 pc. solid punch (3/16-inch x 7-1/4-inch) 1 pc. pin punch (1/8-inch x 7-inch) 1 pc. pin punch (3/16-inch x 8-inch)

K Tool International 81997 1/8-inch Tapered Punch for Pneumatic Chisel $15.99 1/8-inch Tapered Punch for Pneumatic Chisels

OTC 4600 Punch and Chisel Set $38.99 Features and Benefits: Durable set of heat treated chrome vanadium steel punches and chisels Includes storage tray Set includes: 3 – Cold chisels (with gauge): 3/8-inch x 5-1/2-inch; 1/2-inch x 6-inch; 5/8-inch x 6-1/2-inch; 2 – Center punches: 1/8-inch x 5-inch; 3/16-inch x 6-inch 5; Pin punches: 3/32-inch x 4-1/4-inch; 1/8-inch x 4-3/4-inch; 5/32-inch x 5-inch; 3/16-inch x 5-1/4-inch; 1/4-inch x 5-3/4-inch; 5 – Taper punches: 3/32-inch x 5-1/4-inch; 1/8-inch x 5-3/4-inch; 5/32-inch x 6-inch; 3/16-inch x 6-1/4-inch; 1/4-inch x 6-3/4-inch.

K Tool International 81979 3/8-inch Tapered Punch for Pneumatic Chisel $15.99 K Tool International 81979 3/8-inch Tapered Punch for Pneumatic Chisels

Mechanics M620 4-Piece Air Hammer Chisel Set $7.99 The Mechanics M620 4-Piece Air Hammer Chisel Set is made of high quality steel. Features: High quality steel What's In The Box: Cold Chisel Weld Buster Tapered Punch Round Nose Cutter

Grip 61104 14-Piece Punch & Chisel Set $18.99 Heat treated, drop forged carbon steel Complete set for all of your punching and chiseling needs Includes4/32" x 3/8" x 5" center punch 4 pin chisels – 3/16" x 3/8" x 6", 4/32" x 3/8" x 5", 3/32" x 3/8" x 5", & 1/4" x 1/2" x 6" 5 cold chisels – 1/2" x 3/8" x 6", 5/8" x 1/2" x 7", 3/4" x 5/8" x 7", 7/8" x 5/8" x 8", & 1" x 3/4" x 8-1/2" 4 taper punches – 7/16" x 5/8" x 10", 5/32" x 1/2" x 9", 1/8" x 1/2" x 10", & 1/8" x 3/8" x 8-1/2" Roll-up vinyl storage pouch

Old Forge 1997 Tapered Punch Air Chisel $15.99 Features and Benefits: The 1/8" diameter point will drive out pins and rivets 6-1/2" in length Weight: .34 lbs.

Old Forge 1980 Straight Punch Air Chisel $14.99 Features and Benefits: Use for peening and crimping bodies, driving rivets and hinge pins 1/2" tip

K Tool International 72901 Punch and Chisel Set – 15-Piece $56.99 Features and Benefits: Pin Punches: 3/32”, 1/8”, 5/32”, 3/16”, 1/4" Taper Punches: 3/32”, 1/8”, 5/32”, 3/16", 1/4" Chisels: 3/8”, 1/2”, 5/8” Center Punches: 1/8”, 3/16” All included in a plastic formed tray

K Tool International 72901K Punch and Chisel Set In Kit Bag – 15-Piece $56.99 Features and Benefits: Pin Punches: 3/32”, 1/8”, 5/32”, 3/16”, 1/4" Taper Punches: 3/32”, 1/8”, 5/32”, 3/16", 1/4" Chisels: 3/8”, 1/2”, 5/8” Center Punches: 1/8”, 3/16” All included in a kit bag

SG Tool Aid 91450 Tapered Punch Air Chisel $17.99 Features and Benefits: Drives out pins and rivets

Old Forge 1977 6-1/2-in Sharp Point Taper Punch Air Chisel $15.99 Features and Benefits: Punches holes in sheet metal for entrance of screws or wires Designed to use with .401 Parker shank Finished in black oxide Made in the U.S.A.

Old Forge 1979 6-in Tapered Punch Air Chisel $15.99 Features and Benefits: Use for peening and crimping bodies, driving rivets and hinge pins 3/8″ tip